Contraindicated use of modern contraceptives among mothers from a Pelotas Birth Cohort

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the prevalence of contraindicated use of combined hormonal contraceptives, progesterone-only contraceptives, and intrauterine devices in mothers participating in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort according to the WHO medical eligibility criteria. METHODS The biological mothers of children belonging to the 2015 Pelotas birth cohort who attended the 48-month follow-up were studied. The 48-month follow-up data were collected from January 1, 2019, to December 31, 2019. Contraindicated use of modern contraceptives was considered to occur when these women presented at least one of the contraindications for the use of modern contraceptives and were using these methods. The prevalence of contraindicated use was calculated according to each independent variable and their respective 95% confidence intervals (95%CI). RESULTS The analyzed sample consisted of 3,053 women who used any modern contraceptive method. The prevalence of contraindicated use of modern contraceptives totaled 25.9% (95%CI: 24.4-27.5). Combined hormonal contraceptives showed the highest prevalence of contraindicated use (52.1%; 95%CI: 49.3-54.8). The prevalence of contraindicated use of modern contraceptives methods was greater in women with family income between one and three minimum wages, a 25-30 kg/m2 body mass index, indication by a gynecologist for the used method, and purchasing the contraceptive method at a pharmacy. The higher the women's education, the lower the prevalence of inappropriate use of modern contraceptives. CONCLUSION In total, one in four women used modern contraceptives despite showing at least one contraindication. Policies regarding women's reproductive health should be strengthened.

Manejo das irregularidades menstruais secundárias ao uso de contraceptivos ­ análise das recomendações atuais / Management of menstrual irregularities secondary to contraceptive use ­ analysis of current recommendations

As irregularidades menstruais representam uma série de desordens na quantida- de, duração, frequência ou regularidade do sangramento uterino. Entre suas cau- sas destaca-se o sangramento secundário ao uso de anticoncepcionais, uma razão frequente de descontinuidade dos contraceptivos, podendo aumentar as taxas de gestações não planejadas. Boa parte dos contraceptivos pode levar a mudanças no padrão de sangramento uterino, e a abordagem inicial do sangramentos irregula- res inclui a avaliação de outras possíveis causas, o reforço do uso correto da medi- cação, a tranquilização da paciente quanto à benignidade do quadro e à tendência a melhora com a continuidade do uso. Os anti-inflamatórios podem ser usados como estratégia inicial, e, não havendo resposta satisfatória, há alternativas espe- cíficas para cada método. Este trabalho visa identificar as recomendações atuais sobre o manejo do sangramento anormal decorrente de contraceptivos, por meio de revisão narrativa de estudos publicados sobre o tema nos últimos vinte anos.

Abnormal uterine bleeding represents a series of disorders in the amount, du- ration, frequency and or regularity of uterine bleeding. Among its causes, uterine bleeding secondary to the use of contraceptives stands out as a frequent reason for contraceptive discontinuity, which could lead to unplanned pregnancies. Most contraceptives can cause changes in the pattern of uterine bleeding, and the ini- tial approach of the abnormal bleeding includes assessing other possible cau- ses, reinforcing the correct use of medication, and reassuring the patient about the benignity of the condition and the tendency to improve with the continuity of the treatment. Anti-inflammatory drugs can be used as an initial strategy, and, if there is no satisfactory answer, there are specific alternatives for each contracep- tive method. This work aims to identify them current recommendations on the management of abnormal bleeding resulting from contraceptives use, through a narrative review of studies published on the subject in the last twenty years.

Uso de métodos contraceptivos durante a pandemia da COVID-19 / Use of contraceptive methods during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objetivo: Análise do uso de métodos contraceptivos no período da pandemia. Método: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, exploratório, aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa envolvendo Seres Humanos (número 3.146.657). Foram entrevistadas via chamada telefônicas colaboradoras que retiraram contraceptivos em 01/01/2020 à 30/07/2020, excluídas os menores de 18 anos de idade; cadastro incompleto e residência fora da área de abrangência da Unidade Básica de Saúde Aquiles Stenghel (Londrina ­ Paraná). Resultados: Elaboraram-se tabelas descritivas com as respostas obtidas. Notou-se que quatro colaboradoras não usavam nenhum contraceptivo no momento da entrevista, e oito haviam trocado de métodos contraceptivos. Todas referiram conhecer pelo menos um contraceptivo e tê-lo utilizado em algum momento. Conclusão: O anticoncepcional injetável, apesar dos efeitos indesejáveis mencionados, continuou sendo o mais usado por entre a maioria delas, e observou-se um desuso da camisinha. Ficou evidente a necessidade de ampliar o olhar para as especificidades das mulheres, em especial as que estão em contexto de vulnerabilidades.(AU)

Objective: Analyze the use of contraceptive methods during the pandemic. Method: This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, exploratory study, approved by the Ethics Committee for Research involving Human Beings (number 3,146,657). Women, who collected contraceptives in the period between 01/01/2020 to 07/30/2020, over 18 years old, with complete registration and resident in the coverage area of the Basic Health Unit Aquiles Stenghel (Londrina ­ Paraná) were interviewed by the researchers by telephone. Results: Descriptive tables were created with the interview responses obtained. It was noted that four collaborators were not using any contraceptive at the time of the interview, and eight had changed contraceptive methods. All participants reported being familiar with at least one contraceptive and having used it at some point. Conclusion: Injectable contraceptives, despite the aforementioned undesirable effects, continued to be the most widely used method among the participants, and there was a lack of use of condoms. It is evident that women especially those who are in a vulnerability context need a bit more of pharmacy assistance in order to guarantee correct contraceptives use and its efficiency.(AU)

Objetivo: Análisis del uso de métodos anticonceptivos durante la pandemia. Método: Estudio transversal, descriptivo y exploratorio, aprobado por el Comité de Ética para la Investigación con Seres Humanos (número 3.146.657). Se entrevistó por llamada telefónica a mujeres que tomaron anticonceptivos entre el 01/01/2020 y el 30/07/2020; no se incluyeron menores de 18 años; registro incompleto y residencia fuera de la zona de captación de la Unidad Básica de Salud Aquiles Stenghel (Londrina ­ Paraná). Resultados: Con las respuestas obtenidas se elaboraron tablas descriptivas. Se observó que cuatro colaboradoras no utilizaban ningún anticonceptivo en el momento de la entrevista y ocho habían cambiado de método anticonceptivo. Todas declararon conocer al menos un anticonceptivo y haberlo utilizado en algún momento. Conclusión: El anticonceptivo inyectable, a pesar de los efectos indeseables mencionados, siguió siendo el más utilizado entre la mayoría de las colaboradoras, y se observó desuso del preservativo. Se puso de manifiesto la necesidad de profundizar en las particularidades de las mujeres, especialmente las que se encuentran en contextos vulnerables.(AU)

Parches transdérmicos anticonceptivos: evaluación de tecnología sanitaria / Contraceptive transdermal patches: health technology assessment

INTRODUCCIÓN: La anticoncepción es un derecho, y es obligación del Estado garantizar el acceso a métodos anticonceptivos efectivos, seguros y de calidad. Se realizó una evaluación de tecnología sanitaria sobre los parches anticonceptivos transdérmicos. MÉTODOS: Un equipo multidisciplinario e independiente designado por el Comité Provincial de Biotecnologías de Neuquén buscó información epidemiológica, regulatoria y evidencias científicas sobre eficacia, seguridad y adherencia. Se analizó y sistematizó siguiendo metodología GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) y CASPe (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Español). RESULTADOS: El único parche autorizado en Argentina para su comercialización libera 33,9 µg/día de etinilestradiol y 203 µg/día de norelgestromina. Su prospecto en Argentina, EE.UU. y Europa lo asocia al doble de riesgo de enfermedad tromboembólica venosa si se compara con las píldoras anticonceptivas que provee el Estado. Esto coincide con resultados de estudios de cohortes de alta calidad. Los parches proveen similar eficacia anticonceptiva a corto plazo, pero con altas tasas de abandono en el seguimiento. La Organización Mundial de la Salud no los ha incluido en su listado de medicamentos esenciales. Los parches son más costosos que otros métodos disponibles. DISCUSIÓN: Sobre la base de los principios de beneficencia, no maleficencia, de precaución y de proporcionalidad, no se recomienda la incorporación de parches.(AU)

INTRODUCTION: Contraception is a right, being an obligation of the State to guarantee access to effective, safe and quality contraceptive methods. A health technology assessment was carried out on transdermal contraceptive patches. METHODS: A multidisciplinary and independent team appointed by the Provincial Biotechnology Committee of Neuquén searched for epidemiological and regulatory information and scientific evidence on efficacy, safety and adherence. It was analyzed and systematized following the GRADE (Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation) and CASPe (Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Español) methodology. RESULTS: The only patch authorized for commercialization in Argentina releases 33.9 µg/day of ethinylestradiol and 203 µg/day of norelgestromin. Its package insert in Argentina, the US and Europe highlights that the risk of venous thromboembolic disease is twice as high compared to the contraceptive pills provided by the State. This is consistent with results from high-quality cohort studies. Patches provide similar short-term contraceptive efficacy, but with high dropout rates at follow-up. The World Health Organization has not included them in its list of essential medicines. Patches are more expensive than other available methods. DISCUSSION: Based on the principles of beneficence, non-maleficence, precaution and proportionality, the incorporation of patches is not recommended.(AU)

Intervención educativa dirigida al uso de métodos anticonceptivos en adolescentes / An educational intervention focused on the use of contraceptive methods in adolescents

El inicio de las relaciones sexuales en la adolescencia puede generar problemas de salud biopsi-cosociales, los que pueden ser más complejos sin el adecuado conocimiento acerca del uso opor-tuno de métodos anticonceptivos. La investigación tuvo el objetivo de valorar la efectividad de una intervención educativa dirigida a las conductas sexuales y reproductivas de riesgo en la adolescencia, en dos Consejos Populares del municipio de Quemado de Güines durante el perio-do 2017-2021. Se desarrolló un estudio preexperimental con una población constituida por 1501 adolescentes, de la que se seleccionó una muestra 102 individuos mediante un procedimiento no probabilístico atendiendo a criterios. En el estudio predominó: el sexo femenino (51%), aquellos con edades entre 13 y 15 años (67,7%) y los que no habían comenzado una vida sexual activa (54,9%). La intervención educativa produjo cambios estadísticamente significativos en el contexto de investigación en relación con la información sobre métodos anticonceptivos y la percepción del riesgo sobre su uso inadecuado.

The beginning of sexual relations in adolescence can generate biopsychosocial health problems, which can be more complex without adequate knowledge about the timely use of contraceptive methods. The research aimed to assess the effectiveness of an educational intervention aimed at sexual and reproductive risk behaviors in adolescents in two Popular Councils of the Quemado de Güines Hall during 2017-2021. A pre-experimental study was developed with a population of 1501 adolescents, from which a sample of 102 individuals was selected through a non-probabi-listic procedure according to criteria. The study predominated: the female gender (51%), the ages between 13 and 15 (67.7%), and those ones who had not started an active sexual life (54.9%). The educational intervention produced statistically significant changes in the research context concerning the information on contraceptive methods and the perception of risk regar-ding its inappropriate use

Dill seed oil as a possible contraceptive agent: antiangiogenic effects on endothelial cells

Abstract Dill (Anethum graveolens L.) essential oil is wide spread in the food, beverage and pharmaceutical sectors. Dill is a member of the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family. It has the following biological activities: antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antihyperlipidemic, antihypercholesterolemic, antispasmodic, antiproliferative and anti-inflammatory. Aqueous extract of dill seed has reported effects on sex hormones and infertility potential. Moreover, boiled dill seed has an impact on reducing labor duration in giving birth. Implantation and placentation are necessary for a healthy pregnancy in the early stages. Angiogenesis is responsible for these essential processes. This study aimed to investigate dill seed oil's cytotoxic and antiangiogenic effects on rat adipose tissue endothelial cells (RATECs). Dill seed oil showed dose-dependent cytotoxicity on RATECs. It disrupted endothelial tube formation and depolymerized F-actin stress fibers. According to this study, depolymerization of F-actin stress fiber by dill seed oil could inhibit angiogenesis by suppressing endothelial cell proliferation, tube formation and motility. In other words, dill seed oil can be a new anti-angiogenic agent and a novel contraceptive.

Conocimientos, actitudes y prácticas del uso de métodos anticonceptivos en mujeres en edad reproductiva / Knowledge, attitudes and practices of the use of contraceptive methods in women of reproductive age / Conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas do uso de métodos contraceptivos em mulheres em idade reprodutiva

Objetivo: Determinar los conocimientos, las actitudes y las prácticas en el uso de méto-dos anticonceptivos en mujeres en edad reproductiva del barrio las Delicias de la ciudad de Duitama ­ Boyacá en el año 2021. Materiales y métodos: Estudio cuantitativo descriptivo ­ transversal, contando con una muestra calculada de 88 mujeres con muestreo a conveni-encia, incluyendo a mujeres entre los 18 y 54 años, aplicando la encuesta validada "Conoci-mientos, actitudes y prácticas sobre los métodos anticonceptivos" y el análisis estadístico fue de tipo univariado por medio del Software SPPS versión 23. Resultados: Las participantes tenían una edad promedio de 30.67 años (DE: 9,5), la mayoría tenía como estado civil ser soltera (48%; n: 43) y acudían a los programas de planificación familiar (71,6%; n: 63). To-das manifestaron conocer los métodos anticonceptivos (100%; n:88), sin embargo, el 40% (n:36) no tiene claridad sobre las reacciones adversas de la píldora; además el 43,1% (n:38) consideran que al usar el preservativo se disfruta menos de la relación sexual. En mujeres jóvenes predomina la preferencia de métodos de corta duración y hormonales, a diferencia de mujeres con mayor edad en donde predominaron los métodos larga duración o definitivos.Conclusiones: Los profesionales de la salud juegan un papel importante en la asesoría en planificación familiar al detectar las necesidades de la mujer, fortaleciendo la educación en derechos sexuales y reproductivos, para que esta población logre el disfrute de su vida sexual al adquirir una educación integral y con acceso a los métodos anticonceptivos.

Objective: To determine the knowledge, attitudes and practices in the use of contraceptive methods in women of reproductive age in the Las Delicias neighborhood of the city of Duita-ma - Boyacá in the year 2021. Materials and methods: Quantitative descriptive - cross-sec-tional study, with a calculated sample of 88 women with convenience sampling, including women between 18 and 54 years old, applying the validated survey "Knowledge, attitudes and practices about contraceptive methods" and the statistical analysis was of univariate type using SPPS Software version 23. Results: The participants had an average age of 30.67 years (SD: 9.5), most of them had single marital status (48%; n: 43) and attended family planning programs (71.6%; n: 63). All stated that they knew the contraceptive methods (100%; n:88) however, 40% (n:36) were not clear about the adverse reactions of the pill; In addition, 43.1% (n:38) consider that when using the preservative they enjoy sexual intercourse less. In young women, the preference for short-term and hormonal methods predominates, unlike older wom-en, where long-term or definitive methods predominated. Conclusions: Health profession-als play an important role in family planning counseling by detecting the needs of women, strengthening education in sexual and reproductive rights, so that this population achieves the enjoyment of their sexual life by acquiring a comprehensive education. and with access to contraceptive methods.

Objetivo: Determinar os conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas de mulheres na comunidade re-produtiva no bairro Las Delicias da cidade de Duitama - Boyacá no ano de 2021. Materiais e métodos: Quantitativo descritivo - estudo transversal, com amostra calculada de 88 mul-heres com amostragem de conveniência, incluindo mulheres entre 18 e 54 anos, aplicando o questionário validado "Conhecimentos, atitudes e práticas sobre métodos contraceptivos" e a análise estatística foi do tipo univariada usando o software SPPS versão 23. Resultados: Os participantes tinham idade média de 30,67 anos (DP: 9,5), a maioria era solteira (48%; n: 43) e frequentava programas de planejamento familiar (71,6%; n: 63). Todas afirmaram conhecer os métodos contraceptivos (100%; n:88), porém, 40% (n:36) não tinham clareza sobre as reações adversas da pílula; Além disso, 43,1% (n:38) consideram que ao usar o preservativo desfrutam menos das relações sexuais. Em mulheres jovens predomina a preferência por métodos de curta duração e hormonais, ao contrário das mulheres mais velhas, onde predom-inaram métodos de longa duração ou definitivos. Conclusões: Os profissionais de saúde de-sempenham um papel importante no aconselhamento em planejamento familiar, detectando as necessidades das mulheres, fortalecendo a educação em direitos sexuais e reprodutivos, para que essa população alcance o gozo de sua vida sexual adquirindo uma educação integral e com acesso a métodos contraceptivos.

Reproductive Planning and the Choice of Long-acting Reversible Contraceptive Primary to Health: A Cross-Sectional Study / Planejamento reprodutivo e a escolha do contraceptivo de longa permanência na atenção primária à saúde: um estudo transversal

Abstract Objective Evaluate the different perspectives that involve the choice of long-acting reversible contraceptives (LARCs), the issues related to this process and the consequences of deciding one method in the women's in the primary health care (PHC) center in Sousas, a district in Campinas, SP (Brazil). Methods This is an analytical cross-sectional study, it was performed at the PHC in Sousas. Data were collected through the analysis of medical records and interviews with women who live in Sousas and had the insertion of the copper intrauterine device (IUD) (D) from April 2021 to April 2022 or the etonogestrel implant (I) from May to December 2022. The study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Medical Science School at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). Results Reason for choosing this LARC: medical (D: 52%; I: 100%), easy adhesion (D: 71%; I: 67%), effectiveness (D: 55%; I: 100%). Indication by health professionals (D: 65%; I: 100%). And improvement of clinical characteristics: mood (D: 77%; I: 67%), body mass index (BMI; D: 52%; I: 33%), and libido (D: 84%; I: 67%). Conclusion It is suggested that women tend to decide between LARCs when guided by their doctor or PHC health professionals, and they select LARCs because of the ease of use and low failure rates. Therefore, this study highlights how LARCs can positively interfere in the aspects that pervade contraception, such as BMI, libido, and mood.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar as diversas perspectivas que envolvem a escolha dos LARCs, as problemáticas relacionadas a esse processo e as consequências da escolha do método na vida das mulheres no centro de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) em Sousas, distrito de Campinas, SP. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal analítico, realizado no Centro de Saúde de Sousas. Os dados foram coletados através da análise de prontuários e de entrevistas das mulheres residentes em Sousas, que inseriram o dispositivo intrauterino (DIU) de cobre (D) entre abril de 2021 a abril de 2022 ou o implante de etonogestrel (I) de maio a dezembro de 2022. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Faculdade de Ciência Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP). Resultados O motivo da escolha: por indicação médica (D: 52%; I: 100%), pela facilidade (D: 71%; I: 67%) e pela eficácia (D: 55%; I: 100%). Da indicação por profissionais de saúde (D: 65%; I: 100%). E melhora das características clínicas: humor (D: 77%; I: 67%), índice de massa corporal (IMC; D: 52%; I: 33%) e libido (D: 84%; I: 67%). Conclusão Sugere-se que as mulheres tendem a escolher LARCs quando orientadas pelo seu médico ou por profissionais de saúde da APS e optam pelos LARCs pela facilidade do uso e baixa taxa de falhas. Destaca-se como os LARC's podem interferir positivamente em aspectos que perpassam a contracepção, como o IMC, libido e estado de humor.

Demand and unmet need for modern contraception among mothers from a Pelotas Birth Cohort

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To determine the total demand and unmet need for contraception with modern methods and their determinants among mothers participating in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort. METHODS Data from the 48-month follow-up of mothers participating in the 2015 Pelotas Birth Cohort were analyzed. Only biological mothers (aged up to 49 years) of children belonging to the 2015 Birth Cohort and who answered the 48-month questionnaire were included in the study sample. Logistic regression and respective 95% confidence intervals were used to determine associated factors. RESULTS The study sample consisted of 3577 biological mothers. The prevalence of use of any contraceptive and of modern contraceptives was 86.0% (95%CI: 84.8-87.1) and 84.9% (95%CI: 83.7-86.1), respectively. The prevalence of unmet need for modern contraceptives was 10.7% (95%CI: 9.7-11.7), and the total demand for contraceptives was 95.6%. The factors associated with an unmet need for modern contraception were being over 34 years of age (OR = 0.6, 95%CI: 0.5-0.8), not having a husband or partner (OR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.4-2.6), not being the head of the household (OR = 0.6, 95%CI: 0.4-0.9), having had three or more pregnancies (OR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.3-2.6), and having had an abortion at least once after the birth of the child participating in the cohort (OR = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.0-3.6). CONCLUSIONS Despite the high prevalence of modern contraceptive use, one in ten women had an unmet need for modern contraception and was at risk of unplanned pregnancy.

Sexual autonomy and the use of modern contraceptives in Nigeria evidence from the 2018 demographic and health survey

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine the prevalence and relationship between sexual autonomy and modern contraceptive use among Nigerian women. Methods: Secondary data analysis of the 2018 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey was conducted among Nigerian women aged 15-49 years who were married or had a partner. Analysis was conducted using descriptive analysis and univariate and multivariate logistic regression. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Participants that had never heard or seen a family planning awareness message were 59.6%, whereas 55.9% were capable of deciding whether to refuse their husband/partner's sex or not. The prevalence of modern contraceptive use was 12%, and the likelihood of using modern contraceptives increased with the level of education, wealth status, and the number of living children. Sexual autonomy was also a significant predictor of modern contraceptive use (odds ratio = 1.35, 95% confidence interval: 1.25-1.46). Conclusion: There is a very low prevalence of modern contraceptive use among women in Nigeria. Sexual autonomy, poverty, education, and the number of living children play a major role. Thus, women empowerment and girl-child education are critical interventions needed for the best outcomes on contraceptive use in Africa. Male involvement in sexual autonomy is also key since they are major decisionmakers regarding women's issues.

Sangrado Uterino Anormal: hallazgos ecográficos / Abnormal Uterine Bleeding: ultrasound findings

Describir los hallazgos ecográficos de las pacientes que acudieron por sangrado uterino anormal al servicio de Ginecología y Obstetricia del Hospital Dr. Domingo Luciani durante el período enero 2021 a enero 2022. Métodos: Estudio observacional-descriptivo, de tipo retrospectivo. Muestra no probabilística e intencional, integrada por 99 pacientes. Variables involucradas: edad, raza, paridad, antecedentes personales, ciclo menstrual, duración del período menstrual, fecha última de menstruación, uso de algún medicamento, método anticonceptivo y hallazgos ecográficos. Resultados: Los hallazgos ecográficos evidenciaron diferentes causas que explican el sangrado uterino anormal de las pacientes que integraron la muestra de estudio; las tres más frecuentes fueron: miomatosis uterina, sangrado uterino anormal por leiomioma o por endometrio, sangrado uterino anormal tipo L y tipo E(AU)

Objective: To describe the ultrasound findings ofpatients who came for abnormal uterine bleeding to theGynecology and Obstetrics service of the Dr. Domingo LucianiHospital during the period January 2021 to January 2022.Methods: This was an observational-descriptive, retrospectivestudy. The sample was non-probabilistic and intentional,consisting of 99 patients. The data were collected in an Excelsheet for analysis to determine their percentage frequencyaccording to the variables involved: age, ethnicity, parity,personal history, menstrual cycle, duration of menstrual period,last date of menstruation, use of some medication, contraceptivemethod and ultrasound findings. Results: The ultrasoundfindings showed different causes to explain the abnormal uterinebleeding of the patients who made up the study sample; however,the three most frequent were: uterine myomatosis, sangradouterino anormal tipo L y tipo E(AU)

Usos não contraceptivos dos fármacos anticoncepcionais orais hormonais: uma revisão / Non-contraceptive uses of hormonal oral contraceptive drugs: a review

Introdução: os anticoncepcionais orais hormonais são fármacos constituídos por hormônios, geralmente combinados, estrogênio e progestogênio, ou apenas progestogênio. Devido às propriedades características desses hormônios, são também responsáveis por diversos efeitos colaterais, o que tem levado a uma evolução contínua das formulações e tem-se observado vários benefícios não contraceptivos à saúde da mulher. Objetivo: o objetivo dessa revisão foi analisar os usos não contraceptivos dos anticoncepcionais orais hormonais, evidenciando sua eficácia e segurança. Metodologia: A pesquisa foi realizada em bases de dados eletrônicos e portais de busca, priorizando materiais publicados na faixa anual de 2008 a 2018, sendo encontrados 332 e utilizados 148 materiais de estudo. Resultados: esses fármacos tem sido uma alternativa eficaz de tratamento da síndrome do ovário policístico, uma vez que reduzem os androgênios circulantes e induzem a melhora dos sintomas como acne, irregularidade menstrual e dismenorreia. Estão associados ao tratamento da endometriose e à menor incidência de câncer de ovário. Neste último, exercem um efeito protetor durante anos, até mesmo após a interrupção. Conclusão: assim, os anticoncepcionais orais hormonais têm representado uma nova proposta terapêutica simples, segura e eficaz, para diversas utilidades não contraceptivas, e seus benefícios ultrapassam os riscos associados, proporcionando uma terapia adequada e individualizada para cada mulher.

Introduction: hormonal oral contraceptives are drugs consisted by hormones, usually combined, estrogen and progestogen, or just progestins. Due to the characteristic properties of these hormones, they are also responsible for several side effects, which has led to a continuous evolution of the formulations and various non-contraceptive benefits to women's health have been observed. Objective:the objective of this review was to analyze the non-contraceptive uses of hormonal oral contraceptives, showing their effectiveness and safety. Methodology: the research was conducted in electronic databases and search portals, prioritizing materials published in the annual range from 2008 to 2018, with 332 found and 148 study materials used. Results: these drugs have been an effective alternative for the treatment of polycystic ovary syndrome, since they reduce circulating androgens and induce improvement in symptoms such as acne, menstrual irregularity and dysmenorrhea. They are associated with the treatment of endometriosis and a lower incidence of ovarian cancer. In the latter, they have a protective effect for years, even after the interruption. Conclusion: thus, hormonal oral contraceptives have represented a new simple, safe and effective therapeutic proposal, for several non-contraceptive uses, and their benefits outweigh the associated risks, providing an adequate and individualized therapy for each woman

Consumo de anticoncepcionais e fatores associados entre estudantes universitários / Contraceptive use and associated factors among university students

Introdução: o uso de anticoncepcionais vem crescendo a cada ano, sendo um dos principais motivos para a redução das taxas de fecundidade total, inclusive na população mais jovem, como a universitária. Objetivo: identificar o consumo de anticoncepcionais hormonais e fatores associados entre estudantes universitárias. Métodos: a população de estudo foi composta por estudantes universitárias matriculadas nos cursos de graduação da Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), em Londrina, estado do Paraná, Brasil, no ano de 2019, integrantes do projeto maior denominado GraduaUEL. As estudantes responderam um instrumento construído em uma plataforma digital on-line. A variável dependente foi o consumo de contraceptivos hormonais, e as variáveis independentes foram aspectos sociodemográficos e hábitos de vida e de saúde. As associações medidas foram verificadas por meio de Regressão de Poisson, com cálculo da Razão de Prevalência (RP) e intervalo de confiança de 95% (IC 95%). Resultados: das 2.221 estudantes avaliadas, identificou-se o consumo de contraceptivos por 13,0%, maior entre mulheres brancas/amarelas, que relataram serem heterossexuais, que apresentavam pais com maior escolaridade, que referiram possuir plano privado de saúde e companheiro, e que praticavam atividade física pelo menos duas vezes na semana. Entretanto, apenas o fato de serem heterossexuais mostrou-se associação significativa após a análise ajustada (RP: 1,865; IC 95%: 1,308-2,659). Conclusões: diante do exposto, fica clara a necessidade de preparar os profissionais de saúde sobre os contraceptivos e seus efeitos adversos; ainda, que questões sociais devem ser consideradas no processo de uso dos contraceptivos, para combater a discriminação e as desigualdades social e econômica quanto ao acesso e uso destes medicamentos.

Introduction: the use of contraceptives has been growing every year, being one of the main reasons for the reduction in total fertility rates, including in the younger population, such as university students. Objective: identify the consumption of hormonal contraceptives and associated factors among university students. Methods: the study population consisted of university students enrolled in undergraduate courses at the Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), in Londrina, Paraná state, Brazil, in 2019, members of the larger project called GraduaUEL. The students answered an instrument built on an on-line digital platform. The dependent variable was the consumption of hormonal contraceptives, and the independent variables were sociodemographic aspects, lifestyle and health. Measured associations were verified using Poisson Regression, with calculation of the Prevalence Ratio (PR) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: of the 2,221 students evaluated, the consumption of contraceptives was identified by 13.0%, higher among white/yellow women, who reported being heterosexual, who had parents with higher education, who reported having a private health plan and partner, and who practiced physical activity at least twice a week. However, only the fact of being heterosexual showed a significant association after the adjusted analysis (PR: 1.865; 95% CI: 1.308-2.659). Conclusions: in light of the above, the need to prepare health professionals about contraceptives and their adverse effects is clear, as well as what social issues should be considered in the process of using contraceptives, to combat discrimination, social and economic inequality regarding access and the use of these medications.

Costo económico de atención de embarazos atribuibles a la falla de la política de prevención del embarazo adolescente en México / Economic cost of pregnancy care attributable to the failure of Mexico's teenage pregnancy prevention policy / Custo econômico da assistência à gravidez atribuível ao fracasso da política de prevenção à gravidez na adolescência no México

El objetivo fue estimar el costo médico directo de la atención a embarazos atribuibles a la falla en la política de prevención de embarazos adolescentes en México. Estudio económico que estimó, desde la perspectiva del proveedor, el costo medio de atención prenatal, parto, puerperio, aborto y complicaciones. Para cuantificar los costos atribuibles a la falla de la política, se construyeron tres escenarios: (a) embarazos totales; (b) embarazos por arriba de la meta; (c) embarazos no deseados. También se estimó el costo de proveer anticonceptivos y se describieron características de las adolescentes embarazadas. De las adolescentes (n = 5.477.027), 30,2% había iniciado vida sexual; 46,8% usaba anticonceptivo; 44,1% se había embarazado y 9,1% abortó. La mayoría de embarazadas (65%) estudió secundaria o menos; 30% abandonó la escuela; 72,5% vivían en pareja; 72,3% presentó complicaciones. El costo medio de atención del embarazo se estimó en USD 2.210,55 y el de proveer anticonceptivos en USD 64,95. El costo total por la falla de la política se estimó para cada escenario (en millones): (a) USD 1.614,39, (b) USD 876,61 y (c) USD 171,50, respectivamente; mientras que el costo anual de proveer anticonceptivos en cada escenario se estimó en: (a) USD 47,43, (b) USD 25,76 y (c) USD 5,04. La falla de la política se expresa en alta frecuencia de embarazo en adolescentes de bajos ingresos y en altos costos para el sistema de salud. La provisión de anticonceptivos es 34 veces más barata que la atención de embarazos y podría, aunado al mejoramiento de las condiciones de vida, contribuir a disminuir la frecuencia de embarazos en adolescentes.

The objective was to estimate the direct medical cost of pregnancy care attributable to the failure of Mexico's teenage pregnancy prevention policy. From the provider's perspective, this economic study estimated the mean cost of prenatal care, childbirth, puerperium, abortion and complications. To quantify the costs attributable to policy failure, three scenarios were constructed: (a) total number of pregnancies; (b) number of pregnancies above the target; (c) number of unwanted pregnancies. The cost of providing contraceptive methods was also estimated and the characteristics of pregnant adolescents were described. Of the adolescents (n = 5,477,027), 30.2% were sexually active; 46.8% used contraception; 44.1% had become pregnant and 9.1% had an abortion. Most pregnant women (65%) attended secondary school or under; 30% dropped out of school; 72.5% lived with a partner; 72.3% had complications. The mean cost of pregnancy care was estimated at USD 2,210.55 and the mean cost of providing contraceptives at USD 64.95. The total cost of policy failure was estimated for each scenario (in millions): (a) USD 1,614.39, (b) USD 876.61 and (c) USD 171.50, respectively; whereas the annual cost of providing contraceptives in each scenario was estimated in: (a) USD 47.43, (b) USD 25.76 and (c) USD 5.04. The failure of the policy is expressed in the high frequency of pregnancy in low-income adolescents and in high costs for the health system. The provision of contraceptives is 34 times cheaper than pregnancy care and could, together with improved living conditions, contribute to reduce the frequency of adolescent pregnancies.

O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar os custos médicos diretos da assistência à gravidez relacionados ao fracasso da política de prevenção à gravidez na adolescência no México. Este estudo econômico avaliou, a partir da perspectiva da prestação de serviços, os custos médios do pré-natal, parto, puerpério, aborto e complicações da gravidez na adolescência. Para quantificar os custos relacionados ao fracasso dessa política de assistência, foram analisados três cenários: (a) total das gestações; (b) gravidez acima da média; (c) gravidez indesejada. Também foi estimado o custo do fornecimento de anticoncepcionais e descritas as características da gravidez na adolescência. Do total de adolescentes grávidas (n = 5.477.027), 30,2% tinham iniciado a vida sexual; 46,8% usavam métodos anticoncepcionais; 44,1% engravidaram e 9,1% abortaram. A maioria das grávidas (65%) tinha o ensino médio completo ou nível de escolaridade inferior; 30% abandonaram a escola; 72,5% moravam com o companheiro; e 72,3% apresentaram complicações. O custo médio da assistência à gravidez foi estimado em USD 2.210,55, e o do fornecimento de anticoncepcionais em USD 64,95. O custo total do fracasso dessa política foi estimado para cada cenário (em milhões): (a) USD 1.614,39, (b) USD 876,61 e (c) USD 171,50, respectivamente; enquanto o custo anual do fornecimento de contraceptivos em cada cenário foi: (a) USD 47,43, (b) USD 25,76 e (c) USD 5,04. O fracasso dessa política esteve relacionado à alta frequência de gravidez em adolescentes de baixa renda e aos altos custos para o sistema de saúde. A oferta de anticoncepcionais é 34 vezes mais barata do que a assistência à gravidez e pode contribuir para a redução da gravidez na adolescência, junto com uma melhoria nas condições de vida dessa população.

Adverse events related to oral hormonal contraceptive use in undergraduate pharmacy students: a cross-sectional study

Abstract We aimed to measure the prevalence of adverse events related to oral hormonal contraceptive (OHC) use and their associated factors in undergraduate pharmacy students. A cross-sectional study was conducted by using an online questionnaire for female students of the Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the University of São Paulo from July to August 2020. A descriptive analysis of the data was carried out, which was followed by determining the prevalence ratios to identify possible factors associated with adverse events resulting from OHC. A total of 269 valid responses were obtained, among which 50.2% (n = 135) of the students reported using OHC as a contraceptive method and 21.2% (n = 57) affirmed that they had at least one adverse event related to OHC use, which corresponds to 42.2% of those who had used OHC. The most common adverse event was headache (70.2%), and a period of less than one month was the most cited (49.1%). Only migraine comorbidity was associated with the occurrence of adverse events related to OHC. These findings reinforce the high incidence of adverse events among OHC users and the low rate of discontinuation due to these events. There is a need to provide more information on contraceptive methods to users, including its risks and contraindications.

Ability and willingness to pay for family planning services in low resource settings: evidence from an operational research

Objective: This paper establishes levels and patterns of ability and willingness to pay (AWTP) for contraceptives, and associated factors. Study design: A three-stage cluster and stratified sampling was applied in selection of enumeration areas, households and individuals in a baseline survey for a 5-year Family planning programme. Multivariable linear and modified Poisson regressions are used to establish factors associated with AWTP. Results: Ability to pay was higher among men (84%) than women (52%). A high proportion of women (96%) and men (82%) were able to pay at least Ug Shs 1000 ($0.27) for FP services while 93% of women and 83% of men who had never used FP services will in future be able to pay for FP services costed at least Shs 2000 ($0.55). The factors independently associated with AWTP were lower age group (<25 years), residence in urban areas, attainment of higher education level, and higher wealth quintiles. Conclusion: AWTP for FP services varied by different measures. Setting the cost of FP services at Shs 1000 ($0.27) will attract almost all women (96%) and most of men (82%). Key determinants of low AWTP include residence in poor regions, being from rural areas and lack of/low education. Implications statement: Private providers should institute price discrimination for FP services by region, gender and socio-economic levels. More economic empowerment for disadvantaged populations is needed if the country is to realise higher contraceptive uptake. More support for total market approach for FP services needed

Fatores de risco cardiovascular, saberes e práticas de cuidado de mulheres: possibilidade para rever hábitos / Factores de riesgo cardiovascular, conocimientos y prácticas de cuidado de las mujeres: posibilidad de revisar hábitos / Cardiovascular risk factors, knowledge and care practices of women: possibility to review habits

Resumo Objetivo investigar fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares e compreender as práticas de cuidado de mulheres. Método paralelo convergente misto. A etapa quantitativa foi transversal descritiva com formulário abordando características demográficas, socioeconômicas, fatores de risco cardiovascular, hábitos de vida e saúde, participaram 289 mulheres e aplicou-se estatística descritiva. A etapa qualitativa foi fundamentada na pesquisa participativa, exploratória descritiva, mediante entrevista semiestruturada, técnica de criatividade e sensibilidade e narrativas, com 30 mulheres. Resultados identificaram-se fatores como sedentarismo (60,9%), uso do anticoncepcional (57,9%), estresse (60,6%), depressão (40,1%), obesidade (38,8%), hipertensão arterial (33,6%), consumo de bebida alcoólica (29,8%), cigarro (16,6%), dislipidemia (25,6%) e diabetes (10,0%). Quanto aos saberes e práticas de cuidado, as participantes mencionaram os fatores, porém algumas relataram realizar os cuidados, e outras não, mesmo reconhecendo os riscos. Assim, compartilharam a falta de tempo para realizar exercícios físicos, dificuldades para cuidar da alimentação e aderir ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo e, ainda, relataram sentirem-se estressadas. Conclusão e implicações para a prática identificaram-se fatores modificáveis e as mulheres possuíam conhecimento acerca destes, entretanto divergiam sobre os cuidados, demonstrando a importância de ações voltadas a essa população.

Resumen Objetivo investigar los factores de riesgo para enfermedades cardiovasculares y comprender las prácticas de atención brindadas a las mujeres. Método paralelo convergente mixto. La etapa cuantitativa fue transversal transcriptiva con formulario abordando características demográficas, socioeconómicas, factores de riesgo cardiovascular, hábitos de vida y salud. Participaron 289 mujeres y se aplicó estadística descriptiva. La etapa cualitativa fue fundamentada en la investigación participativa, exploratoria descriptiva, mediante entrevista semiestructurada, técnica de creatividad y sensibilidad y narrativas, con 30 mujeres. Resultados se identificaron factores como sedentarismo (60,9%), uso de anticonceptivos (57,9%), estrés (60,6%), depresión (40,1%), obesidad (38,8%), hipertensión arterial (33,6%), consumo de bebidas alcohólicas (29,8%), tabaquismo (16,6%), dislipidemia (25,6%) y diabetes (10,0%). En cuanto a los conocimientos y prácticas de cuidado, las participantes mencionaron los factores, sin embargo, algunas reportaron realizar el cuidado y otras no, inclusive reconociendo los riesgos. Así, compartieron la falta de tiempo para la realización de actividades físicas, dificultades para cuidar su alimentación y la adherencia al tratamiento antihipertensivo e, inclusive, refirieron sentirse estresadas. Conclusión e implicaciones para la práctica se identificaron factores modificables y las mujeres tenían conocimiento sobre ellos, sin embargo, divergieron sobre el cuidado, demostrando la importancia de las acciones dirigidas a esta población.

Abstract Objective to investigate risk factors for cardiovascular disease and understand the care practices of women. Method mixed convergent parallel. The quantitative stage was descriptive transversal with a form addressing demographic characteristics, socioeconomic, cardiovascular risk factors, lifestyle and health habits; 289 women participated and descriptive statistics were applied. The qualitative step was based on participatory research, exploratory descriptive, through semi-structured interviews, creativity and sensitivity technique and narratives, with 30 women. Results factors were identified as sedentarism (60.9%), use of contraceptives (57.9%), stress (60.6%), depression (40.1%), obesity (38.8%), high blood pressure (33.6%), alcohol consumption (29.8%), smoking (16.6%), dyslipidemia (25.6%), and diabetes (10.0%). As for knowledge and care practices, the participants mentioned the factors, but some reported performing the care, and others did not, even though they recognized the risks. Thus, they shared the lack of time to perform physical exercises, difficulties to take care of the diet and adhere to antihypertensive treatment, and also reported feeling stressed. Conclusion and implications for practice modifiable factors were identified and women had knowledge about these, however, they differed on the care, demonstrating the importance of actions aimed at this population.